Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, AMED, was founded in April 2015 by Japanese government to engage in the field medical research and development (R&D). AMED’s main functions are to establish and sustain the environment for medical R&D, providing R&D funding, and managing frontier R&D projects. As Japanese government aims to improve the medical R&D in order to tackle the future challenge of super-aging society, AMED works completely beneath the Prime Minister’s Cabinet and national ministries, such as MEXT (the Ministries of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology), MHLW (the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare), or METI (the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry), in Japan. In fact, the current tasks of AMED are based on the Healthcare Policy Act passed by the Cabinet, and according to the action plans proposed by Headquarters affiliated under the Prime Minister of Japan.